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Hank
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hank The massive subterranean highway called the Floridan Aquifer
hank How ancient sea creatures built Florida's foundation
hank Florida's Limestone Bedrock
Limestone crumbles deep below (deep below!) / Rainwater makes the sinkholes grow (yeah-yeah, they grow!)
hank Florida's drinking water sits inside a giant, water-filled underground limestone maze that spans 100,000 square miles.
Fun Fact
Underground oceans: The Floridan Aquifer holds billions of gallons of freshwater, supplying drinking water to over 10 million people daily.
hank Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and soil, turning into a weak acid that slowly dissolves the underground limestone.
Glossary
karst (noun)
A landscape shaped by the dissolution of soluble bedrock, such as limestone, characterized by sinkholes and underground caves. This geologic formation underlies the entire state of Florida, where acidic groundwater slowly eats away the bedrock.
A landscape shaped by the dissolution of soluble bedrock, such as limestone, characterized by sinkholes and underground caves. This geologic formation underlies the entire state of Florida, where acidic groundwater slowly eats away the bedrock.
Quiz
What is the approximate pH of normal rainwater that acts on Florida's limestone?
Gossip
Would you drink water pumped straight from a deep cave?
Quiz
How does rain become acidic enough to dissolve underground rock in Florida?
Quiz
How thick can the limestone bedrock reach in some parts of Florida?
Quiz
What ancient material compressed over millions of years to form Florida's limestone bedrock?
Quiz
Why does a drop in the water table during a drought increase Florida sinkhole risks?
Quiz
What provides upward structural support for the ceilings of underground Florida caves?
Quiz
Which massive underground water system acts like a giant sponge beneath Florida?
Quiz
What type of rock makes up the thick underground foundation of Florida?
hank Gene Kranz's "tough and competent" speech after the Apollo 1 fire created Mission Control's zero-mistakes culture.
hank NASA engineer Chris Kraft designed the mission control layout and the flight director role.
hank The Birth of Mission Control
Since sixty-five in Houston, watching from the ground, Guiding every mission till they're safe and sound.
hank Early controllers sat at heavy steel desks packed with analog buttons, dials, and cathode-ray screens.
Fun Fact
The average age: During the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, the average age of the engineers working in Mission Control was just 26 years old.
hank Before satellites, NASA built a global network of ground stations to talk to orbiting spacecraft.
Glossary
flight director (noun)
A person who is in charge of a spaceflight and makes decisions about its operations and safety. Christopher Kraft pioneered this role in 1961 during the first crewed American spaceflight.
A person who is in charge of a spaceflight and makes decisions about its operations and safety. Christopher Kraft pioneered this role in 1961 during the first crewed American spaceflight.
Quiz
Which company manufactured the iconic green-screen consoles used in Apollo-era Mission Control?
Quiz
Which tragic event on January 27, 1967, led to the creation of the tough and competent creed?
Quiz
What was the average age of NASA's Mission Control team during the Apollo 11 moon landing?
Quiz
Who was NASA's very first flight director, often called the father of Mission Control?
Quiz
What was the name of the global tracking network built for NASA's first human spaceflights?
Quiz
What color vests did flight director Gene Kranz famously wear during critical missions?
Quiz
In what year did NASA open the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas?
hank In 1930, hot dog vendor Pat Olivieri grilled beef for lunch, sparking Philadelphia's famous cheesesteak wars.
hank Around 1940, manager Joe Lorenza melted the first slice of provolone cheese onto the steak sandwich.
hank Kraft's processed cheese spread revolutionized the sandwich after its launch in 1952.
Fun Fact
First Cheesesteak: The original 1930 steak sandwich sold for just ten cents and didn't feature any cheese at all!
hank The original sandwich was cheese-free until a manager added provolone in the 1940s.
Glossary
cheesesteak (noun)
A sandwich of thinly sliced beef and melted cheese on a long roll. In 1930, hot dog vendor Pat Olivieri invented the sandwich at his South Philadelphia stand.
A sandwich of thinly sliced beef and melted cheese on a long roll. In 1930, hot dog vendor Pat Olivieri invented the sandwich at his South Philadelphia stand.
Quiz
Who is credited with inventing the Philadelphia steak sandwich in 1930?
Gossip
Which cheese is the ultimate cheesesteak champion?
Quiz
Which type of cheese was first added to the steak sandwich in the 1940s?
Quiz
Who suggested that Pat Olivieri sell his grilled beef sandwich to the public?
Quiz
What did Pat Olivieri operate before opening his famous steak shop?
Quiz
What was missing from the original Philadelphia steak sandwich invented in 1930?
Quiz
In what year did Kraft introduce Cheez Whiz, which became a cheesesteak staple?
Quiz
Where is the historic intersection of Pat's King of Steaks located?
Quiz
Which specific cut of beef is the traditional standard for a Philly cheesesteak?
